Low Self-Esteem: Body Image + Eating Disorders
How are self-esteem, body image, and eating disorders related?
LOW SELF-ESTEEM: BODY IMAGE + EATING DISORDERS
by Annie Malcolm (updated 1st February 2022)
This week as part of our month of self-love, we’re taking a look at body image and self-esteem.
So why is body image relevant to self-esteem? Well it is relevant only for some people. For some, the way they look has very little with how they value themselves. For others, their body and how it looks is almost the only thing they use to determine their worth.
WHAT DETERMINES YOUR SELF-ESTEEM?
Self-esteem simply refers to a person’s evaluation of his or her own worth, and everyone’s self-esteem is based on a list of things that seem important to him or her.
One person’s list might look like this:
How smart I am
What kind of job I have
How much money I make
How hard I work
Another person’s list might look like this:
How pretty I am
How fit I am
How many friends I have
Whether I have a boyfriend/girlfriend or not
What does your own list look like? Take some time to reflect on those things on which you anchor your self-esteem.
GETTING RUNS ON YOUR BOARDS…
Having low or high self-esteem isn’t just about figuring out what’s on your list. It’s also about how well you think you are doing with each item on that list.
Imagine two people have the same list – the one at the top. If intelligence, a good job, money and hard work are your yardsticks, and you happen to have just earned a degree and landed a great job, you will probably feel pretty good about yourself.
But imagine all these things are important to you, and you’ve just been made redundant, and are finding it hard to get a new job. The way you think and feel about yourself would be very different.
So different people use different yardsticks to measure their worth. And self-esteem is based firstly on what you use to judge your own worth, and how well you think you are doing with it.
Now maybe what we were saying about body image makes more sense. For some people, their body image might be positive or negative, but it has little impact on their self esteem because physical appearance just isn’t that important to them. For others it is hugely important, and will make or break how they feel about themselves overall.
BODY IMAGE + SELF-ESTEEM
Today our focus is going to be on those people who are unhappy with their bodies, and who also see physical appearance as being very important. That’s actually a pretty big portion of the population. As part of this, we are bombarded daily with images and messages that tell us what a “perfect” body looks like, and how important it is to try to attain it.
Indeed, when we look throughout history, an ideal body image has been championed for women to aspire to. Back in the Victorian era, women were driven as far as having ribs removed to create the perfect “wasp” shaped waist. Even further back, in medieval times, arsenic was swallowed as a way to improve the complexion.
In recent decades, however, there has been a strong drive towards thinness as an ideal. For instance, the weight of models appearing in Playboy, and Miss America pageants has been tracked from 1959, and shows a steady decrease[1], and alarmingly the Body Mass Index (BMI) of over half of these women would meet the BMI criteria for an eating disorder.
The message to be thinner is targeted primarily at women, and for many women is a significant factor in the development of a poor body image. Disturbingly, for females especially, this poor body image starts early in life. In Australian adolescent girls, body dissatisfaction sits at 70% and is ranked as one of the top items of concern for adolescents[2].
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF POOR BODY IMAGE?
So if there is a fair portion of the population for whom body image is important, and who also have negative views of their body, what are the consequences? Well some of the consequences can be positive. If a person has poor body image and is actually overweight, this may motivate them to start exercising, or adopting other healthy lifestyle habits.
However, there are negative consequences too. If a person has a poor body image regarding an aspect of their body that they cannot change, rumination over their dissatisfaction can lead to low mood, frustration, hopelessness, a worsening of their self-esteem, and depression.
Self consciousness about the body can lead many to unhelpful avoidance techniques – either going to great lengths to change or disguise the body, or an avoidance of social contact itself, in the hope of dodging the imagined criticism and judgement of others. Over time, avoidance like this can lead to isolation and a loss of social support.
BODY IMAGE AND EATING DISORDERS
Another potential risk for some people who suffer poor body image and low self-esteem is that of eating disorders. Sometimes an eating disorder can begin with seemingly harmless changes. A person who is a little overweight resolves to do something about it and starts to restrict their eating.
Slowly the weight comes off, a boost to their body image and the compliments of those around them make them resolve to restrict even further. The goal posts change as the initial target no longer seems enough, and so dissatisfaction with the body returns or grows. Control of what food gets put in the body takes on more and more importance, and the thought of eating a “bad” food, or skipping an exercise session causes unease, even fear.
Clearly, eating disorders are not a widespread consequence of poor body image, however it may be more widespread that you think. Between 1995 and 2005 the rates of disordered eating behaviour in Australia doubled for both males and females.
Eating disorders currently affect around one million Australians[3].
Around 15% of women will experience an eating disorder in their lifetime. Eating disorders as associated with other mental health issues - around 64% of individuals with an eating disorder also experience anxiety, 45% to 86% experience depression, and 58% experience a personality disorder.
The mortality rate when it comes to eating disorders is 12 times above that for individuals without eating disorders, and recovery will take an average of 7 years. For those who do recover, there are often permanent health consequences[4]
HOW TO HELP YOUR BODY IMAGE ISSUES
So what can we do? Well if you recognise some of the signs of restrictive eating or of eating disorders as outlined above, the best thing to do is to seek help. Go to a family member, a friend, your GP, speak to a psychologist, reach out in whatever way feels possible for you.
What if you don’t quite have the symptoms of an eating disorder but recognise that you have poor body image, low self-esteem, and want to avoid going down that path? Well, there are several things which psychologists call “protective factors”, or things you can focus on to help protect you from a poor body image spiralling out of control.
Protective factors include a supportive family which does not emphasise weight and appearance, a family which eats meals together, a social network that includes more than one group of friends, a focus on achieving academic challenges, good assertiveness and problem solving skills and an acceptance of the diversity of different body shapes and sizes[5].
Finally, want some more general tips to improve body image and self-esteem? Then consider these six steps:
1. Focus on the things you like about your body.
2. Remind yourself that no one is as critical about your body as you are. The people around you probably have things about their own bodies they are just as self conscious about.
3. Be a critical consumer of media. Remember many images are touched up and unrealistic.
4. Don’t compare yourself to others - we were all born with different bodies.
5. Would you judge someone else’s worth based on his or her weight or appearance? If not, why do it to yourself?
6. Remember that your physical appearance is just one of the things that make you who you are. Every time you hear some self criticism about your body, remind yourself of one of your strengths.
So if you’re one of those people with a poor body image try to ease up on yourself today. Remember your body is breathing, walking, talking, thinking, digesting and sleeping for you every day – it’s a pretty amazing thing, so enjoy it!
If you’d like assistance with self-esteem, body image, and problematic eating, why not Contact us to make an individual appointment?
REFERENCES
[1] Wiseman et al. “Cultural expectations of thinness in women: an update” International journal of eating disorders, 11, 85 – 89. 1992.
[2] Mission Australia Youth Survey 2013. https://www.missionaustralia.com.au/publications/research/young-people?start=10.
[3] The National Eating Disorders Collaboration. (2012). An Integrated Response to Complexity – National Eating Disorders Framework 2012. http://www.nedc.com.au/files/pdfs/National%20Framework%20An%20integrated%20Response%20to%20Complexity%202012%20-%20Final.pdf.
[4] Sullivan, P. (1995). Mortality in Anorexia Nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1073-1074.
[5] Shisslak, C.M., & Crago, M. (2001). Risk and protective factors in the development of eating disorders. In J.K Thompson & L.Smolak (Eds), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment (pp.103-125). Washington, D.C,: American Psychological Association.
PERMA: The Ingredients for Resilience + Wellbeing
Looking to build up your resilience and wellbeing reserves? Meet your new best friend PERMA, the key 5 ingredients from positive psychology for better resilience and wellbeing.
PERMA: The ingredients for resilience + wellbeing
What enables some people to bounce back from challenges while others crumble in a crisis? Well Martin Seligman, the father of Positive Psychology, studied resilience and wellbeing to answer this very question. In doing so, Seligman developed the PERMA Model, which contains five factors to help you build resilience and wellbeing - Positive emotions, Engagement, (positive) Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. [1]Positive psychology shifts traditional ideas of psychology from working on fixing what is 'wrong', to focusing on what works, on strengths, on skills, and on enhancing the positives. Positive psychology has a lot to teach us about how to achieve and maintain long-term wellbeing.
Let’s look at each element of the PERMA model.
POSITIVE EMOTIONS
Positive emotions like happiness have an obvious connection to wellbeing. When we feel positive emotions we perform better, we respond more helpfully in our relationships, and we are more willing to hope for the best future, and to take risks to achieve that future.
How do we bring about positive emotions? The short answer is to do the things that make you happy. Fill your life with the things that make you smile – food, friends that build you up rather than drag you down, music, gardening, movies, exercise. Whatever it is that makes you feel good. Things like gratitude diaries are also great ways to train your mind towards the positive.
ENGAGEMENT
Have you ever had a time when you were enjoying what you were doing so much so that you were completely absorbed by it? So on a roll writing a report or assignment that an hour slipped by unnoticed? So enthralled with that Game of Thrones episode that you didn’t hear your partner calling your name? So blissed out during yoga that the past and the future just fell away and you felt completely in the present?
Psychologists call that experience “flow” - a state of being fully engaged with a task and, according to Seligman, engagement is one of the five crucial building blocks of wellbeing. We all achieve flow doing different things – sport for some, music for others, a hobby or a work project. Figure out what in your life gives you a sense of engagement.
(positive) RELATIONSHIPS
Humans are built to belong. We need connection, intimacy, and emotional and physical contact with others.
An integral part of overall wellbeing, therefore, is our relationships. We struggle with our wellbeing when our relationships are destructive, draining, one-sided, or we are just isolated. However if your relationships make you feel supported, included, understood and cared for, you have set yourself up for a lifetime of wellbeing.
Be conscious of building your relationships and you will be working not just on relationships but on overall life satisfaction.
MEANING
Seeing and working towards a meaning that is bigger and more important than just your own happiness is also important.
Having a purpose to your life brings satisfaction, even if working towards that purpose does not directly bring positive emotion, flow, or any of the other building blocks of wellbeing. This might be a religious faith, a political agenda, community work or perhaps charity work. Being with like-minded people working towards a common goal that you really believe in brings significance to your life.
ACCOMPLISHMENT
The final building block that allows humans to flourish is accomplishment, or a sense of mastery over something. Gaining mastery over something is important for its own sake, even if the accomplishment is not linked to any of the other building blocks of wellbeing.
Ever wonder why you keep doing Sudoku, even though it has no real world application? Why you are driven to get to the next level of Candy Crush Saga, or why you keep building that Lego construction even after your kid has drifted onto another activity? It’s important to know that we can do something well, that we can set a goal and reach it, and enjoy that feeling of success.
THE BOTTOM LINE?
People who adopt and live by these five concepts have been shown to do better at university, excel even after setbacks in sports, are less likely to experience depression or post traumatic stress, and even have a lower risk of premature death[2].
So stop and think. How can you apply the PERMA model to your own life? By being consistent in filling your life with positive emotions, engagement, good relationships, meaning and accomplishment you set yourself up to weather the storms in life more readily, and enjoy the blessings in life more fully.
If you’d like a tailored approach to building up your resilience and wellbeing reserves, why not contact us to make an appointment and get started?
How to build better relationships
There’s always room for improvement when it comes to successful and loving connections with your partner or spouse. Read on to see our 4 top tips for building better romantic relationships.
4 tips to build better relationships
What does it take to live a healthier and happier life? It turns out, surprisingly, that it’s positive relationships that are central to health and wellbeing - particularly during challenging times. [1] Healthy relationships (of all sorts) benefit us not only through influencing our health choices but also by buffering against times of stress through social support. [2][3][4][5] But in our stressful modern-day lives, maintaining face-to-face relationships can be a challenge. Today we’re focusing on romantic relationships, as while these are important we sometimes treat them as an afterthought. Read on for our 4 tips to build a better relationship with your partner.
TIP 1: Be present, not just physically there
Does this scene sound familiar? Couples out for dinner or brunching on the weekend, sitting together yet not connecting. They may be Instagramming photos of their food, messaging friends, or simply just distracted, and there’s little conversation happening. Sure, they’re physically there, but are they actually present?
Yes, life gets busy, and the temptation can be to 'get ahead' by checking devices, mentally rehearsing the mental To Do list, or multitasking. The problem is that when we're distracted we miss the opportunity to connect with our loved ones. And it shows – just as when you can tell if your partner has tuned out of your conversation, so too your partner can tell the same of you.
So, choose a time – be it breakfast on the weekend, half an hour at the end of each day - to really be present. And, wherever you are, be there wholeheartedly. Turn off your devices, keep your attention fully on your partner, and try to live in the moment.
TIP 2: Share
It's easy to fall into defined roles in romantic relationships – the Talker versus the Listener, the Giver versus the Taker. Relationships can end up quite one-sided. Sure, it may seemingly work, however the benefits of good relationship can’t be gained from sitting on the sidelines.
Research has shown that personal self-disclosure is important for maintaining good relationships [1]. So that means not just being a good listener but being willing to be listened to as well, and being okay to take when you generally feel more comfortable giving. Share the good, the bad and the ugly with your partner.
TIP 3: Invest
Modern life can be busy and stressful, filled with deadlines to meet, appointments to attend, family and friends to keep in touch with, household chores to take care of, and so on. Along the line, relationships can fall by the wayside as our attention gets diverted to things that are more immediate and pressing. Amongst all of this busy scheduling and putting out of fires, we seem to think our relationships will just tick along without us having to actively work at it!
However, let’s let in a healthy dose of realism. When have things just ticked along without any effort on our part? Our productivity, our health, and our wellbeing all require work, so why would relationships be any different? So, be deliberate in investing your time and effort when it comes to your romantic relationship. Make phone calls or send a quick message to show your partner that you care. Plan dates. Be available. Follow up on conversations. Recognise that what you’re doing will be worth the effort.
TIP 4: Play
Building better relationships for better health is serious business, but that doesn’t mean that you have to be too serious. If you want to build a better relationship, then start by being fun to be around. Get out of your comfort zone and try new things, take up a hobby.
Play time can also help you to destress and feel more relaxed and, in turn, less reactive when it comes to interacting with your partner. So, schedule some leisure time into your week, where your only aim is to rest, relax and have some fun. Your relationship will thank you for it.
With these four easy tips you can get on the path to a better relationship this week. If you find there's conflict and tension in your relationships why not check out our Resource Library Tip Sheet on How to get unstuck from conflict in relationships? Written by our clinical psychologist Annie Malcolm, here’s a sneak peek below, and you can sign up for it (and access to all of our other Tip Sheets on wellbeing, mental health, and performance in our Resource Library).
Want more? You can connect with The Skill Collective in the following ways:
Contact us to make an individual appointment to get started on making changes.
Get access to our FREE resource library filled with exclusive tip-sheets on Wellbeing, Mental Health, and Performance that you won't find here on the blog
Join our FREE 14-day Wellbeing Challenge. Tailored for busy lives we're talking wellbeing tips for better body, mind, and heart in just 15 minutes a day, delivered straight to your inbox.
REFERENCES
[1] Simon, R. (2002). Revisiting the Relationships among Gender, Marital Status, and Mental Health. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 1065-1096
[2] Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W. & Jones, B.Q. (2008). Is there Something Unique about Marriage? The Relative Impact of Marital Status, Relationship Quality, and Network Social Support on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Mental Health. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 35, 239-244.
[3] Braithwaite, S., Delevi, R, Finchanm, F. (2010). Romantic relationships and the physical and mental health of college students. Personal Relationships, 17, 1–12.
[4] Overbeek, G, Stattin, H. (2007). Parent-Child relationships, partner relationships and emotional adjustment: a birth to maturity prospective study. Developmental Psychology, 43, 429-437
[5] Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Layton, J.B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A meta-analytic review Published: July 27, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
[6] Jackson, T., Soderlind, A. & Weiss, K. E. (2000). Personality traits and quality of relationships as predictors of future loneliness among American college students. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 28, 463-470.
Confessions of a mindfulness sceptic...
Mindfulness...it's everywhere we look, and it permeates every aspect of our lives. But is mindfulness the miracle cure it's touted to be?
confessions of a mindfulness sceptic
Mindfulness. Previously reserved solely for eastern philosophy and hardcore yoga addicts, in 2016 mindfulness has well and truly entered the mainstream.
Walk past a self-help section at a bookstore, browse a blog on wellness and healthy living, chat with the mums at the playground and no doubt before long you will find yourself confronted with someone extolling the virtues of mindfulness.
Mindfulness is taught at our schools and workplaces, it’s encouraged as a way to de-stress, get sleep, reduce anxiety and probably lose 5kg in the process. A modern panacea for pretty much anything that ails you. But is mindfulness a miracle cure or snake oil?
THE CASE FOR SCEPTICISM WHEN IT COMES TO MINDFULNESS
Now as a psychologist, this writer should be all about mindfulness. This is a golden age for mindfulness, a win for mental health! Shouldn’t I be itching to settle in to twice daily, hour-long mindfulness meditation sessions?
Maybe I should. But I’m not. Confession time – I’m just not a fan. So let me lay it all out on the table. Here are the reasons why I’m a mindfulness sceptic.
1. MINDFULNESS IS boring.
Come on, be honest now. It’s sitting there doing nothing. Deliberately doing nothing. Sure, you’re being mindful of everything that’s happening in the moment, but if you’re just sitting there, that adds up to not much. Even trying a 20 minute guided mindfulness exercise, I have to admit to boredom creeping in.
2. MINDFULNESS HAS NO CLEAR RESULT.
This is especially hard for those of us who are just a tiny bit perfectionistic and results-oriented. What if I were doing it to train my thoughts to never be negative? Well, that would be a result; that would be something worth putting in the hard yards for.
But one of the key elements of mindfulness is that you are not trying to change anything, but simply to observe. Practising true acceptance of everything you notice in the moment means that if you’re looking for a nice measurable change as a result, you’re not doing it for the right reasons.
3. MY THOUGHTS DON’T TURN OFF DURING MINDFULNESS.
Some people have the misconception that mindfulness is about learning how not to think. And it’s true, people who practice mindfulness meditations regularly do report a slowing of the mind, or a reduction in the running-like-a-freight-train type thoughts. But there’s no turning your thoughts off completely.
Trying to clear an unclearable mind? Now that sounds like a recipe for frustration.
4. I FEEL AWFUL AND IN PAIN A LOT OF THE TIME. WHY WOULD I DRAW ATTENTION TO IT WITH MINDFULNESS?
Here’s another tricky one. Mindfulness calls on you to “tune into” or be mindful of every part of your experience. Pay attention to your emotions, whether they are happiness, sadness or panic. Be present with your thoughts, whether they are saying “I am content in all situations” or “I am a worthless human being”. Bringing you closer to your experience in the moment can bring you back in touch with yourself. But it can also bring you closer to your pain.
5. I’m too lazy to be consistent ENOUGH WITH MINDFULNESS to see the benefits
Most proponents of mindfulness meditation advocate that you need to start at around two sessions a day, for 20 minutes each. And you must stick with this for around 3 months to see the benefits.
Now, is 20 minutes really all that much time? No, I guess not, but every day? For weeks on end? While I’m thinking of all the more productive things I could be doing? I’m afraid I just don’t have the staying power.
I’d say I have a pretty strong case for throwing the towel in. But in an effort to give mindfulness just one more chance, I thought I should look into the research to see just what it is about mindfulness that works. Here’s what I found:
THE BENEFITS OF MINDFULNESS: WHAT RESEARCH TELLS US
Mindfulness has been found to:
Improve concentration and mental clarity
Increase self control
Improve working memory
Increase tolerance to painful emotions
Increase kindness, acceptance and compassion towards others and self [1]
They all sound like good things, but how can we be sure it was actually practicing mindfulness that led to these changes?
Well, several studies have been conducted on people who are new to mindfulness. In these studies individuals identified what they would like to work on, such as symptoms of distress, depression or concentration. Then they are divided into two groups, with one group given mindfulness training while the other group isn’t, to test the impact that mindfulness had on the areas they would like to work on.
One such study found that mindfulness training led to fewer negative emotions, fewer depressive symptoms and less stewing over unhelpful thoughts. Those who received mindfulness training also demonstrated longer concentration span, and significantly better memory capacity.[2]
But just one study doesn’t prove much right? Well, maybe not but there have been plenty more. A recent meta-analysis (which means a study of lots of different studies) gathered together evidence from 39 different studies all testing the benefits of mindfulness that all found support for mindfulness as a way to reduce anxiety and depression. [3]
So that does sound kind of great and things seem to be swinging in favour of mindfulness. But what about all the work it takes to do mindfulness? Who has the time and dedication for that? Well, maybe it doesn’t have to be as much work as it seems. Remember the first study I told you about? Those participants only practiced mindfulness for 10 days to get those benefits.
And here’s something even more encouraging. In another study – where half of the participants received mindfulness training and the other half didn’t – all participants then watched three movie clips. One clip was a happy one, one was a distressing one, and one was a mix of both. Those who underwent mindfulness training showed more positive emotions after watching the happy clip, and fewer negative emotions after watching the mixed clip. [4]
So maybe there is some truth in mindfulness bringing your attention to your pain when you are feeling bad. But if it also means that you can feel happier during the happy times, and less sad during the sad, then maybe it’s worth it. And the best bit is yet to come. The “mindfulness training” that the people in this study did? Just one session lasting 10 minutes.
Now that’s something even a mindfulness sceptic can achieve! And that’s the thing about mindfulness. Different people have packaged it up in different ways. A lot of people who have jumped on the mindfulness bandwagon have embraced the “twice a day for at least 20 minutes” kind of regime. And if they can stick to that, that’s great.
But mindfulness isn’t just for those dedicated few. At its core, mindfulness is about paying attention. Being completely in the present as each moment unfolds, rather than having your head stuck in the past or worrying about the future. And you could do that for 30 minutes or for just 30 seconds. You could do it in a tranquil rainforest, at a party, in traffic or when surrounded by screaming toddlers. Just because your life is busy and hectic, doesn’t mean mindfulness isn’t an option for you. And as the studies have shown, maybe even a little bit of mindfulness can still be a good thing.
So now that the results are in, am I going to turn into a mindfulness fanatic, who can’t get my without my hour long meditation? Probably not. But taking time to non-judgementally tune into my thoughts, feeling and physical sensations as a quick touchstone during the day? Remembering that it’s only the present moment you have to live in, and that each moment will pass? Even a sceptic can achieve that. Now that’s something to be mindful of.
Annie
REFERENCES
[1] Davis, D.M., & Hayes, J.A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy related research. Psychotherapy, 48, 198-208.
[2] Chambers, R., & Allen, N.B. (2008). The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style and affect. Cognitive Therapy and Research 32, 303-322
[3] Hoffman, S.G., Sawyer A.T., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78, 169 – 183.
[4] Erisman, S.M., & Roemer L. (2010). A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional responding to film clips. Emotion 10, 72–82.
Rethink your Drink - Alcohol use, misuse, and tips for cutting down
With some sobering statistics on problematic alcohol use, here are our top tips to help you cut down.
RETHINK YOUR DRINK: ALCOHOL USE, MISUSE, AND TIPS FOR CUTTING DOWN
In our last post when we looked at some statistics from the last National Mental Health Survey we identified the top 3 mental health issues affecting our nation. These were anxiety, depression, and substance use disorder. Let’s focus on substance use disorder, specifically that alcohol remains a significant issue facing society.
Why focus on alcohol?
Well, apart from this being Mental Health Week and with problematic alcohol use being a significant issue that we face, we also know that October is synonymous with Oktoberfest - and, yes, as part of that, alcohol consumption.
When you consider how much alcohol use has become part of how we socialise and how entrenched it is in our culture, it becomes easy to understand. We associate alcohol with socialising in most situations – down at the pub, at a local barbecue, a picnic with friends, an afternoon at the beach, at sporting events, out to dinner with friends, a long lunch, sometimes even a glass of bubbly with breakfast as a ‘special treat’.
We also have some entrenched alcohol-related attitudes and beliefs. We may see alcohol as a reward, with the belief that we “deserve” one (or more) after hard day or week at work. We talk about people who can ‘hold their drink’ with awe or even admiration. We encourage people to drink by typically offering alcohol as a first option when we entertain, and those who don’t want to drink may feel a lot of pressure to do so.
Well, here at The Skill Collective we also want to shine a light on a lesser-known alcohol-related event happening in October – Ocsober. Ocsober is a challenge put out to all Australians to give up alcohol for the month of October, and in doing so, raise money to educate Aussie kids on living a life free of drug and alcohol misuse. For those of you that have major events coming up in October where alcohol will feature prominently in socialising, there is the option of purchasing a Leave Pass. There is still time to sign up, so if you are interested, check it out here.
The effects of alcohol
You’re probably familiar with the short-term effects of alcohol. A small amount can lead to feeling relaxed, happy, confident and sociable. A larger amount can lead to confusion, slower reaction times, nausea or vomiting, engaging in risky behaviours, and injury.
What about the longer-term effects of alcohol? They include increased stress, stomach upsets, sexual problems and weight gain. Alcohol is also closely linked to sleep problems as it disrupts the normal sleep cycle, supresses restorative REM sleep, as well as increasing the likelihood of having to go the toilet in the night, and snoring. Prolonged drinking above recommended guidelines can lead to brain damage, heart disease, stroke, diabetes and an increased risk of many types of cancer.
Alcohol – the sobering statistics
Now let’s take a quick look at the stats. Around 1 in 5 Australians over age 14 drink at levels that put them at risk of alcohol related harm in their lifetime. 1 in 6 people have drunk more than 11 standard drinks in one sitting in the past 12 months. In 2005 alcohol actually caused more than twice as many deaths as road accidents[1]. In 2013 around 5 million Australians were the victims of an alcohol related incident[2], and the annual death toll from alcohol misuse is over 5000[3].
Feel less productive after a night of drinking? You’re not alone. Loss of productivity caused by alcohol costs Australia $6 billion a year, with the cost of “presenteeism” (being at work but not getting much done) estimated to be four times the cost of absenteeism[4].
As clinical psychologists, mental health is particularly close to our hearts. Misuse of alcohol is linked to higher rates of depression and anxiety. In fact the risk of having any mental illness is around four times higher for people who drink alcohol heavily than for people who don’t[5].
There is growing evidence that alcohol may be a causative factor in mental health problems. Even for those people whose mental illness is initially unrelated to their drinking, the two can interact, making each issue worse.
Guidelines for alcohol use
So what are the guidelines for reducing the risk of alcohol related harm? For healthy men and women, no more than two standard drinks on any day. Now let’s clarify some terms.
First, “healthy” means no conditions like high blood pressure, hepatitis, liver problems, pregnancy and so on.
Second, “standard” means there is no more than 10 grams of pure alcohol in the drink. In wine, that means about 100mls, but often you will be served much more than 100mls in a glass. And remember, a full strength can of beer is about 1.4 standard drinks, so just two of those would put you over your daily limit. Print this handy reference guide from the Department of Health and keep it somewhere prominent.
8 top tips for cutting down alcohol use
Considering cutting down on drinking? Here are eight tips to get you started:
1. Count your drinks
Keep track of how much you are drinking. Read the label of the bottle or can if you can – it will tell you how many standard drinks it contains. Want to keep track of how much you are drinking over more than just a night? Then download this free app from the NHS.
2. Space out your drinks
Have a glasses of water or other non-alcoholic drinks between each alcoholic drink.
3. Eat before you start drinking
And accompany your meals with water instead of alcohol so that you can really taste your food.
4. Take less alcohol with you
That doesn’t mean turning up empty-handed to events. Include a couple of non-alcoholic alternatives. You might not be the only one who appreciates there being something other than alcohol available.
5. Slow down your drinking
Take time to savour and enjoying every sip.
6. Stick to a budget
Decide beforehand how much you want to spend on alcohol and take cash rather than cards to limit your spending. You’re more likely to stick to your drinking goals this way.
7. Practice refusing the offer of a drink
This might seem silly, but when you’re caught in the moment with no excuse it can be harder to say no. Plan beforehand what you’re going to say.
8. Organise different social events
Want to catch up with your friends? Then suggest an activity that tends to be incompatible with drinking - going for a walk, a swim at the beach, a movie or coffee, rather than a catch up at the pub. Not only will you be improving your own health, your friends will get the benefit too!
Start off with these tips, and good luck! If you find that making changes is harder than you expected and you'd like some personalized support, contact us at The Skill Collective.
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REFERENCES
[1] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). National Drug Strategy Household Survey detailed report 2013. Canberra: AIHW. - See more at: http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/topics/quick-statistics#alcohol
[2] AIHW (2014). National Drug Strategy Household Survey detailed report: 2013. Drug statistics series no. 28. Cat. no. PHE 183. Canberra: AIHW.
[3] Gao, C., Ogeil, R.P., & Lloyd, B. (2014). Alcohol’s burden of disease in Australia. Canberra: FARE and VicHealth in collaboration with Turning Point.
[4] The societal costs of alcohol misuse in Australia. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 454
[5] Matthew Manning, Christine Smith and Paul Mazerolle. ISSN 1836-2206 Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, April 2013
[6] Burns, L., & Teesson, M. (2002). Alcohol use disorders comorbid with anxiety, depression and drug use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, 299-307. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00220-X
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